Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale for patients seeking esthetic surgery: cross-cultural validation study / Escala de Sintomas da Dismorfia Corporal para pacientes que buscam a cirurgia plástica: estudo de validação cultural

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Rhinoplasty is one of the most sought-after esthetic operations among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-cultural validation study conducted in a plastic surgery outpatient clinic of a public university hospital. METHODS: Between February 2014 and March 2015, 80 consecutive patients of both sexes seeking rhinoplasty were selected. Thirty of them participated in the phase of cultural adaptation of the instrument. Reproducibility was tested on 20 patients and construct validity was assessed on 50 patients, with correlation against the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. RESULTS: The Brazilian version of the instrument showed Cronbach's alpha of 0.805 and excellent inter-rater reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.873; P < 0.001) and intra-rater reproducibility (ICC = 0.939; P < 0.001). Significant differences in total scores were found between patients with and without symptoms (P < 0.001). A strong correlation (r = 0.841; P < 0.001) was observed between the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder and the Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.981, thus showing good accuracy for discriminating between presence and absence of symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. Forty-six percent of the patients had body dysmorphic symptoms and 54% had moderate to severe appearance-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale is a reproducible instrument that presents face, content and construct validity.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Rinoplastia é uma das operações mais procuradas por indivíduos com o transtorno dismórfico corporal. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar culturalmente e validar a Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. DESENHO E LOCAL: Estudo de validação cultural desenvolvido no ambulatório de cirurgia plástica de um hospital universitário público. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes consecutivos de ambos os gêneros que desejavam submeter-se à rinoplastia foram selecionados entre fevereiro de 2014 e março de 2015. Trinta pacientes participaram da fase de adaptação cultural do instrumento. A reprodutibilidade foi testada em 20 pacientes e a validade de construto em 50 pacientes, correlacionando-se a escala com a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale para transtorno dismórfico corporal. RESULTADOS: A versão brasileira do instrumento mostrou alfa de Cronbach de 0,805 e excelente reprodutibilidade interobservador (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, CCI = 0,873; P < 0,001) e intraobservador (CCI = 0,939; P < 0,001). Houve diferença significante entre os escores totais de pacientes com e sem sintomas (P < 0,001). Observou-se forte correlação (r = 0,841; P < 0,001) entre a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale para transtorno dismórfico corporal e a Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. A área sob a curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC) foi de 0,981, revelando boa acurácia para discriminar a presença de sintomas para transtorno dismórfico corporal; 46% dos pacientes apresentaram sintomas do transtorno dismórfico corporal e 54% dos pacientes apresentaram sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos moderados a graves relacionados com a aparência. CONCLUSÃO: A versão brasileira da Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale é um instrumento reprodutível que apresenta validade de face, conteúdo e construto.

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS): Brazilian Portuguese translation, cultural adaptation and validation

Objective: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS). Methods: Ninety-three patients of both sexes seeking rhinoplasty were consecutively selected at the Plastic Surgery Outpatient Clinic of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil, between May 2012 and March 2013. The BDD-YBOCS was translated into Brazilian Portuguese. Thirty patients participated in the cultural adaptation of the scale. The final version was tested for reliability in 20 patients, and for construct validity in 43 patients (correlation of the BDD-YBOCS with the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination [BDDE]). Results: Total Cronbach’s alpha was 0.918. The BDD-YBOCS had excellent inter-rater (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.934; p < 0.001) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.999; p < 0.001). Significant differences in BDD-YBOCS scores were found between patients with and without BDD symptoms (p < 0.001), and among patients with different levels of BDD severity (p < 0.001). A strong correlation (r = 0.781; p < 0.001) was observed between the BDDE and the BDD-YBOCS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.851, suggesting a very good accuracy for discriminating between presence and absence of BDD symptoms. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the BDD-YBOCS is a reliable instrument, showing face, content and construct validity.

Body dysmorphic disorder and olfactory reference disorder: proposals for ICD-11

The article reviews the historical background and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and olfactory reference disorder, and describes the proposals of the WHO ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders related to these categories. This paper examines the possible classification of BDD symptoms in ICD-10. Four different possible diagnoses are found (hypochondriacal disorder, schizotypal disorder, delusional disorder, or other persistent delusional disorder). This has led to significant confusion and lack of clear identification in ICD-10. Olfactory reference disorder can also be classified as a delusional disorder in ICD-10, but there is no diagnosis for non-delusional cases. The Working Group reviewed the classification and diagnostic criteria of BDD in DSM-5, as well as cultural variations of BDD and olfactory reference disorder that include Taijin Kyofusho. The Working Group has proposed the inclusion of both BDD and olfactory reference disorder in ICD-11, and has provided diagnostic guidelines and guidance on differential diagnosis. The Working Group's proposals for ICD-11 related to BDD and olfactory reference disorder are consistent with available global evidence and current understanding of common mechanisms in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and resolve considerable confusion inherent in ICD-10. The proposals explicitly recognize cultural factors. They are intended to improve clinical utility related to appropriate identification, treatment, and resource allocation related to these disorders.

Psychopathological evaluation of patients requesting cosmetic rhinoplasty a review / Evaluación psicopatológica de pacientes que requieren rinoplastia cosmética una revisión

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review is to discuss possible underlying psychopathological situations in patients requesting surgical cosmetic rhinoplasty operation and to examine potential problems that might arise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An extensive search was conducted through PubMed, Ambase and PsychInfo by using related keywords in English, like "rhinoplasty and psychiatric comorbidities ", "rhinoplasty and psychopathology". RESULTS: Patients who demand cosmetic rhinoplasty operation appealed to the surgeon since they wanted to feel better about themselves after the surgery. Indeed, some long-term studies determined that such a situation can take place at high rates. However, some studies reported the possibility of serious psychological disorders after such surgical operations. Studies relating to the analysis of psychopathologic symptoms are quite limited. Research has shown that psychopathologic evaluation conducted preoperatively is especially important to identify serious psychopathologies such as personality disorders and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). CONCLUSIONS: Exclusion of patients possessing serious psychopathologies from operations provides better results in the long term. The lack of sufficient research in this area necessitates new and comprehensive studies.

OBJETIVO: El propósito de esta revisión es discutir las posibles situaciones psicopatológicas detrás de pacientes que solicitan la operación de rinoplastia quirúrgica cosmética, y examinar problemas potenciales que podrían suscitarse. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda extensa a través de PubMed, Ambase y PsychInfo usando palabras claves en inglés, como "rinoplastia y comorbidades psiquiátricas " "rinoplastia y psicopatología ". RESULTADOS: Pacientes que solicitaban una operación de rinoplastia cosmética, apelaron al cirujano expresando que deseaban sentirse mejor luego de la cirugía. En realidad, algunos estudios a largo plazo determinaron que una situación semejantepuede tener una alta tasa de ocurrencia. Sin embargo, otros estudios reportan la posibilidad de trastornos psicológicos serios Los estudios que se refieren al análisis de síntomas psicopatológicos, son muy limitados. Las investigaciones han demostrado que realizar una evaluación psicopatológica antes de la operación, es en extremo importante [ara identificar serias psicopatologías tales como trastornos de la personalidad y Trastorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC). CONCLUSIONES: El excluir a los pacientes con serias psicopatologías de las operaciones arroja mejores resultados a largo plazo. La insuficiente investigación en esta área apunta a la necesidad de que se realicen estudios nuevos y abarcadores.

Comorbidade entre transtorno dismórfico corporal e transtornos alimentares: uma revisão sistemática / Comorbidity between body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A insatisfação com a imagem corporal é uma das características mais proeminentes do transtorno dismórfico corporal (TDC) e dos transtornos alimentares (TA). Esses dois grupos de transtornos apresentam semelhanças em suas características psicopatológicas e epidemiológicas e na resposta ao tratamento. Apesar de ambos serem considerados transtornos do espectro obsessivo-compulsivo, pouco se sabe em relação à comorbidade entre esses dois grupos de transtornos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a produção bibliográfica atual sobre a comorbidade entre TDC e TA. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nos bancos de dados PubMed e ISI Web of Science dos artigos referentes à comorbidade entre TDC e TA. RESULTADOS: Oito artigos foram selecionados. As amostras de portadores de TA apresentavam comorbidade com TDC em 6 por cento a 39 por cento dos casos. Dos pacientes com TDC, 10 por cento a 32,5 por cento, por sua vez, podem apresentar comorbidade com TA. O TDC frequentemente precedia o TA, e os pacientes com comorbidade apresentavam quadro clínico mais grave que os com apenas um dos transtornos. CONCLUSÃO: Estudos recentes demonstram que as taxas de comorbidade entre esses dois transtornos são elevadas. Apesar disso, o TDC raramente é diagnosticado em portadores de TA, mesmo quando é o transtorno que causa mais incômodo.

BACKGROUND: Body image dissatisfaction is one of the most prominent psychopathological features of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders (ED). These groups of disorders present similarities in psychopathological and epidemiological features and also in response to treatment. Although these disorders are included in the obsessive-compulsive spectrum, little is known about the comorbidity between the two groups of disorders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current bibliographic production on the comorbidity of BDD and ED. METHOD: A systematic review has been conducted on the PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases. RESULTS: Eight articles have been selected. These articles report that patients with ED may present comorbidity with BDD in 6 percent to 39 percent of the cases. 10 percent to 32.5 percent of the patients with BDD might present comorbidity with a TA. BDD preceded ED in the majority of the patients with comorbidity and patients with both disorders had more severe presentations than patients with either disorder alone. CONCLUSION: Recent studies have shown that comorbidity ratios between these disorders are high. However, BDD is seldom diagnosed in patients with ED, even when it is the most severe disorder.

Transtorno dismórfico corporal em dermatologia: diagnóstico, epidemiologia e aspectos clínicos / Body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology: diagnosis, epidemiology and clinical aspects

São cada vez mais frequentes as queixas cosméticas, uma vez que objetivam a perfeição das formas do corpo e da pele. Os dermatologistas são consultados para avaliar e tratar essas queixas. Sendo assim, é importante conhecer o Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal, inicialmente chamado de "dismorfofobia", pouco estudado até recentemente. Esse transtorno é relativamente comum, por vezes, incapacitante, e envolve uma percepção distorcida da imagem corporal, caracterizada pela preocupação exagerada com um defeito imaginário na aparência ou com um mínimo defeito corporal presente. A maioria dos pacientes apresenta algum grau de prejuízo no funcionamento social e ocupacional, e como resultado de suas queixas obsessivas com a aparência, podem desenvolver comportamentos compulsivos, e, em casos mais graves, há risco de suicídio. O nível de crença é prejudicado, visto que não reconhecem o seu defeito como mínimo ou inexistente e, frequentemente, procuram tratamentos cosméticos para um transtorno psíquico. A prevalência do transtorno, na população geral, é de 1 a 2 por cento e, em pacientes dermatológicos e de cirurgia cosmética, de 2,9 a 16 por cento. Considerando a alta prevalência do Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal, em pacientes dermatológicos, e que os tratamentos cosméticos raramente melhoram seus sintomas, o treinamento dos profissionais para a investigação sistemática, diagnóstico e encaminhamento para tratamento psiquiátrico é fundamental.

Cosmetic concerns are becoming increasingly common in view of the obsession with the perfect body and skin. Dermatologists are often seen to evaluate and treat these conditions. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the existence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder, also known as dysmorphophobia. Despite being relatively common, this disorder has not been well researched. Sometimes causing impairment, the disease involves a distorted body image perception characterized by excessive preoccupation with a perceived defect. Most of the patients experience some degree of impairment in social or occupational functioning and, as a result of their obsessive concerns, they may develop compulsive behaviors. In severe cases, there is a risk of suicide. Most individuals do not acknowledge that their defect is minimal or nonexistent and seek out cosmetic treatments for a psychiatric disorder. The prevalence of this disorder among the general population ranges from 1 to 2 percent and in dermatological and cosmetic surgery patients, from 2.9 to 16 percent. The training of professionals to systematically investigate, diagnose, and refer these patients to adequate psychiatric treatment is essential, considering the high prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in dermatological patients and the fact that cosmetic treatments rarely improve their condition.